Applied Strength Of Materials (4th Edition) Book Pdf 2
The field of strength of materials, also called mechanics of materials, typically refers to various methods of calculating the stresses and strains in structural members, such as beams, columns, and shafts. The methods employed to predict the response of a structure under loading and its susceptibility to various failure modes takes into account the properties of the materials such as its yield strength, ultimate strength, Young's modulus, and Poisson's ratio. In addition, the mechanical element's macroscopic properties (geometric properties) such as its length, width, thickness, boundary constraints and abrupt changes in geometry such as holes are considered.
Applied Strength of Materials (4th Edition) book pdf 2
In the mechanics of materials, the strength of a material is its ability to withstand an applied load without failure or plastic deformation. The field of strength of materials deals with forces and deformations that result from their acting on a material. A load applied to a mechanical member will induce internal forces within the member called stresses when those forces are expressed on a unit basis. The stresses acting on the material cause deformation of the material in various manners including breaking them completely. Deformation of the material is called strain when those deformations too are placed on a unit basis.
The stresses and strains that develop within a mechanical member must be calculated in order to assess the load capacity of that member. This requires a complete description of the geometry of the member, its constraints, the loads applied to the member and the properties of the material of which the member is composed. The applied loads may be axial (tensile or compressive), or rotational (strength shear). With a complete description of the loading and the geometry of the member, the state of stress and state of strain at any point within the member can be calculated. Once the state of stress and strain within the member is known, the strength (load carrying capacity) of that member, its deformations (stiffness qualities), and its stability (ability to maintain its original configuration) can be calculated.
The calculated stresses may then be compared to some measure of the strength of the member such as its material yield or ultimate strength. The calculated deflection of the member may be compared to deflection criteria that are based on the member's use. The calculated buckling load of the member may be compared to the applied load. The calculated stiffness and mass distribution of the member may be used to calculate the member's dynamic response and then compared to the acoustic environment in which it will be used.
Design stresses that have been determined from the ultimate or yield point values of the materials give safe and reliable results only for the case of static loading. Many machine parts fail when subjected to a non-steady and continuously varying loads even though the developed stresses are below the yield point. Such failures are called fatigue failure. The failure is by a fracture that appears to be brittle with little or no visible evidence of yielding. However, when the stress is kept below "fatigue stress" or "endurance limit stress", the part will endure indefinitely. A purely reversing or cyclic stress is one that alternates between equal positive and negative peak stresses during each cycle of operation. In a purely cyclic stress, the average stress is zero. When a part is subjected to a cyclic stress, also known as stress range (Sr), it has been observed that the failure of the part occurs after a number of stress reversals (N) even if the magnitude of the stress range is below the material's yield strength. Generally, higher the range stress, the fewer the number of reversals needed for failure.
A material's strength is dependent on its microstructure. The engineering processes to which a material is subjected can alter this microstructure. The variety of strengthening mechanisms that alter the strength of a material includes work hardening, solid solution strengthening, precipitation hardening, and grain boundary strengthening and can be quantitatively and qualitatively explained. Strengthening mechanisms are accompanied by the caveat that some other mechanical properties of the material may degenerate in an attempt to make the material stronger. For example, in grain boundary strengthening, although yield strength is maximized with decreasing grain size, ultimately, very small grain sizes make the material brittle. In general, the yield strength of a material is an adequate indicator of the material's mechanical strength. Considered in tandem with the fact that the yield strength is the parameter that predicts plastic deformation in the material, one can make informed decisions on how to increase the strength of a material depending its microstructural properties and the desired end effect. Strength is expressed in terms of the limiting values of the compressive stress, tensile stress, and shear stresses that would cause failure. The effects of dynamic loading are probably the most important practical consideration of the strength of materials, especially the problem of fatigue. Repeated loading often initiates brittle cracks, which grow until failure occurs. The cracks always start at stress concentrations, especially changes in cross-section of the product, near holes and corners at nominal stress levels far lower than those quoted for the strength of the material.
APPLIED STRENGTH OF MATERIALS 6/e, SI Units Version provides coverage of basic strength of materials for students in Engineering Technology (4-yr and 2-yr) and uses only SI units. Emphasizing applications, problem solving, design of structural members, mechanical devices and systems, the book has been updated to include coverage of the latest tools, trends, and techniques. Color graphics support visual learning, and illustrate concepts and applications. Numerous instructor resources are offered, including a Solutions Manual, PowerPoint slides, Figure Slides of book figures, and extra problems. With SI units used exclusively, this text is ideal for all Technology programs outside the USA.
Equilibrium of particles, rigid bodies, frames, trusses, beams, columns; stress and strain analysis of rods, beams, pressure vessels. E MCH 210 E MCH 210 Statics and Strength of Materials (5) This course is a combination of E MCH 211 and E MCH 213. Students taking E MCH 210 may not take E MCH 211 or 213 for credit, or vice versa. Students will learn how forces and moments acting on rigid and deformable bodies affect reactions both inside and outside the bodies. Students will study the external reactions, and their inter-relationships; the discipline of statics (E MCH 211), as well as the associated internal forces and deformations, quantified by their corresponding stresses and strains; the discipline of strength of materials (E MCH 213). The student will be able to analyze and design simple structural components based bon deflection, strength, or stability. Students will be prepared to analyze and design simple structures and take upper division courses in mechanics of materials and structural analysis and design. Students will communicate their analysis through the use of free-body diagrams and logically arranged equations.
Equilibrium of particles and rigid bodies, frames, trusses, beams, columns; stress and strain analysis of rods, beams, pressure vessels. E MCH 210H E MCH 210H Statics and Strength of Materials, Honors (5) This honors course is a combination of E MCH 211 and E MCH 213. Students taking E MCH 210H may not take E MCH 211 and 213 for credit, or vice versa. The same general topics are covered as in E MCH 210, but in a more advanced fashion and with more advanced applications. Students will learn how forces and moments acting on rigid and deformable bodies affect reactions both inside and outside the bodies. Students will study the external reactions, and their inter-relationships - the discipline of statics (E MCH 211), as well as the associated internal forces and deformations, quantified by their corresponding stresses and strains - the discipline of strength of materials (E MCH 213). The student will be able to analyze and design simple structural components based on deflection, strength, or stability. Students will be prepared to analyze and design simple structures and take upper division courses in mechanics of materials and structural analysis and design. Students will communicate their analysis through the use of free-body diagrams and logically arranged equations.
Axial stress and strain; torsion; stresses in beams; elastic curves and deflection of beams; combined stress; columns. E MCH 213 E MCH 213 Strength of Materials (3) In this elementary course on the strength of materials the response of some simple structural components is analyzed in a consistent manner using i) equilibrium equations, ii) material law equations, and iii) the geometry of deformation. The components analyzed include rods subjected to axial loading, shafts loaded in torsion, slender beams in bending, thin-walled pressure vessels, slender columns susceptible to buckling, as well as some more complex structures and loads where stress transformations are used to determine principal stresses and the maximum shear stress. The free body diagram is indispensable in each of these applications for relating the applied loads to the internal forces and moments and plotting internal force diagrams. Material behavior is restricted to be that of materials in the linear elastic range. A description of the geometry of deformation is necessary to determine internal forces and moments in statically indeterminate problems. The underlying mathematics are boundary value problems where governing differential equations are solved subject to known boundary conditions. Students will be able to:a) Identify kinematic modes of deformation (axial, bending, torsional, buckling and two dimensional) and associated stress states on infinitesimal elements and sketch stress distribution over cross sections b) Analyze determinate and indeterminate problems to determine fundamental stress states associated with kinematic modes of deformation c) Apply strength of materials equations (and formulas) to the solution of engineering and design problems d) Recognize and extract fundamental modes in combined loading and do the appropriate stress analysis e) Extract material properties (modulus of elasticity, yield stress, Poisson's ratio) from data and apply these in the solution of problems f) Calculate the geometric properties (moments of inertia, centroids, etc) of structural elements and apply these in the solution of problems.which will enable them to solve real engineering problems.